Synergistic Dimensional and Passivation Engineering via Blade Coating Enables Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract Upscaling perovskite solar cells (PSCs) for large-area industrial manufacturing urgently demands efficient and scalable surface passivation strategies. Although blade coating is highly promising for device upscaling, achieving comprehensive surface passivation remains a key challenge due to the abundant defects inherent in blade-coated perovskite films. Herein, we present a synergistic surface modification strategy combining dimensional engineering with passivation engineering for blade-coated PSCs. We introduce a multifunctional group Lewis base passivator, 5-bromobenzo[b]thiophen-3(2H)-one (BTO), to complement traditional dimensional engineering (e.g., phenethylammonium iodide (PEAI)), which typically struggles to passivate deep-level defects. In this dual strategy, PEAI constructs a robust 2D/3D heterojunction for interfacial energy level alignment, while BTO passivates uncoordinated Pb2+ defects via synergistic dual-site coordination. Consequently, blade-coated PSCs exhibit a power conversion efficiency of 25.15% and maintain 92.7% of their initial efficiency after 1500 h of air exposure (25 °C, 20–30% RH). Furthermore, this strategy mitigates efficiency roll-off upon scaling, yielding a high PCE of 22.02% for 14.7 cm2 minimodules.