Multi-Energy Microgrids for Sustainable Electric Vehicle Infrastructure: A Systematic Review of Hybrid Architectures, V2X Flexibility Services, and Hydrogen Sector Coupling

The accelerated worldwide deployment of electric vehicles is profoundly reshaping electrical distribution systems, introducing significant operational constraints regarding network stability while simultaneously unlocking novel paradigms for distributed energy resource management. Uncoordinated Level 3 direct current fast charging (DCFC) and megawatt-level fleet hubs introduces localized transformer thermal overloading, voltage unbalance, and severe harmonic distortion. To mitigate these impacts, multi-energy microgrids (MEMGs) integrating solar photovoltaics (PV), wind generators, battery energy storage systems (BESS), and green hydrogen vectors (electrolyzers and fuel cells) are emerging as essential infrastructure. This paper presents a systematic review of multi-energy EV charging microgrids following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol, synthesizing literature published between 2018 and 2026. A comprehensive taxonomy has been established across three primary domains: (1) power electronic converter topologies and hybrid AC/DC microgrid architectures, evaluating control strategies for constant power load (CPL) stability; (2) Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) flexibility services, analysing aggregator market mechanics and Distribution Locational Marginal Pricing (DLMP); and (3) green hydrogen sector coupling, evaluating co-located Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) refuelling hubs and seasonal storage dynamics. Furthermore, this review examines non-linear electro-thermal battery degradation modelling within multi-objective energy management systems (EMS) and metaheuristic optimization algorithms (e.g., NSGA-III, MOROA, HOMER). Finally, critical research gaps are identified in low-inertia Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) control, cybersecurity against False Data Injection (FDI) attacks, and Inter-industry regulatory alignment.