Gravitational Relations from Probability Theory: A Probability-Density Approach to the Gravitational Constant and the Speed of Light

In this article, the gravitational relations are rewritten using probability theory, and it is shown that these equations are ultimately independent of mass. Using probability theory and a probability density function formed from the relations of mass density, time dilation, the universal gravitational constant and the speed of light, formulas are derived for the universal gravitational constant and the speed of light. Substituting Earth's radius and mass gives G = 6.741 × 10^-11, which is very close to experimental measurements; the gravitational acceleration on the surface of the sphere is found to be equal to 10 and independent of its mass; and the speed of light is obtained as c = 3 × 10^8.