Age-related Upper Airway Changes and Their Significance in Orthodontic Treatment Planning: A Scoping Review

Abstract Orthodontic treatment outcomes and airway stability may be impacted by age-related changes in upper airway morphology and function, especially in adults. A thorough search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. PRISMA-ScR guidelines were used to analyze and select the studies that were associated with aging, craniofacial morphology, and orthodontic or orthognathic interventions. Aging is related to reduction in airway volume, decreased neuromuscular tone, soft-tissue laxity, and increased airway collapsibility are associated with aging. Vertical skeletal pattern variations and craniofacial aging may further compromise the airway dimensions. Airway dimensions are also affected by the orthodontic treatment modality. Minimal clinically significant airway compromise is seen in extraction therapy, whereas favorable airway outcomes are seen in mandibular advancement and orthognathic surgery. Age-related airway changes are important considerations in orthodontic treatment planning. Individualized airway assessment and interdisciplinary management are essential to optimize functional and respiratory outcomes.