Geo-Ecosystem Services Provided by Scandinavian Glacial Erratic Boulders in Natural Settings and Lapidaria

The paper combines a systematic review of the current state of knowledge on geosystem services with findings derived from the author’s own geowatching activities, field observations, and extensive field experience in this domain. Erratic boulders are distinctive components of geodiversity and valuable elements of geological heritage. This paper examines the geo-ecosystem services provided by several dozen Scandinavian glacial erratics occurring in Poland, both in natural settings and in lapidaria. Although ecosystem service research has traditionally focused on biotic resources, erratic boulders also deliver a broad range of regulating, supporting, cultural, and knowledge-based services. It is presented here that erratics contribute to geomorphological and hydrological processes, support soil formation, and provide microhabitats that enhance local biodiversity, particularly for epilithic lichens. At the same time, they possess considerable cultural, educational, and scientific value. Erratic boulders strengthen local and regional identity, support geotourism development, and serve as effective tools for geoeducation and public engagement with Earth sciences. They also provide important evidence for reconstructing past ice-sheet dynamics and support advanced geochronological research. The results highlight the multifunctional role of erratic boulders and their contribution to environmental sustainability, cultural heritage preservation, scientific advancement, and human well-being.