Optimizing pathogen-based sampling methods for vertebrate field research

Integrating biodiversity sampling with pathobiology is vital for pandemic preparedness and wildlife conservation in the One Health context. While natural history museums increasingly house pathobiology-relevant specimens, standardized field protocols and datasheets are needed to maximize the research value of vouchers and associated samples collected through both lethal and non-lethal sampling approaches. This review aims to bridge the gap between field biologists and pathobiologists by providing a comprehensive guide to optimizing vertebrate sample collection for downstream pathobiological applications. We outline best practices for collecting a variety of sample types, including whole blood, serum, swab samples (e.g. cloacal, nasopharyngeal, etc.), ectoparasites, and organ tissues, for both lethal and non-lethal sampling designs. A central focus of this review is the management of the cold chain and the selection of appropriate storage buffers under varied field conditions with the intention of preserving nucleic acid and immunological analytes. We rank collection methods based on their pathobiological utility and feasibility in resource-constrained or remote environments. Intentional, pathobiology-focused sampling significantly expands the scientific utility of biodiversity collections. We provide scalable recommendations that allow researchers to navigate budgetary, logistical, and biosafety constraints while ensuring high-quality material for downstream assays, thereby promoting an interdisciplinary approach to global health monitoring.