DIGITAL ELECTORAL RECAPITULATION SYSTEMS AND GOVERNANCE MODELS: COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL EVIDENCE

This study compares the management of election recapitulation information systems in Indonesia with those implemented in the Philippines, Brazil, Estonia, and Kyrgyzstan to examine differences in governance, system design, security mechanisms, digital infrastructure, transparency, and public trust. Although these countries have adopted various election technologies, ranging from optical scanning and Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) to Internet voting (i-voting) and optical tabulation, comprehensive comparative studies that position Indonesia within this international context remain limited. This study employed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Data were collected from the Scopus database and supported by credible reports, while CiteSpace was used to map research trends and identify knowledge gaps. The findings reveal significant differences in the maturity of election recapitulation systems. Estonia and Brazil have achieved advanced digital election management through integrated digital governance, secure verification mechanisms, and high public trust. The Philippines applies a hybrid model combining paper ballots with automated vote counting, whereas Kyrgyzstan continues to rely largely on manual procedures. Indonesia's Sirekap represents an intermediate stage of digital transformation but continues to face challenges related to security, OCR accuracy, infrastructure readiness, and public trust. The theoretical contribution of this study is the development of a Comparative Governance Framework for Election Recapitulation Information Systems, demonstrating that system maturity is determined not only by technological adoption but also by the interaction among governance, security, digital infrastructure, transparency, and public trust. This framework provides a foundation for evaluating and improving election recapitulation systems in emerging digital democracies.