Carbon-based two-dimensional nanomaterials (CB-2DMs) for high-performance wound healing platforms bridging mechanics and medicine

Abstract Wound healing is a highly complex biological process encompassing hemostasis, cellular proliferation, inflammation, and tissue remodelling, which are strongly influenced by the mechanical microenvironment of the wound site. Wound healing remains a critical clinical challenge due to the constraints of traditional dressing materials, which often lack sufficient mechanical strength, flexibility, and adaptability to wound microenvironments. In this context, carbon-based two-dimensional nanomaterials (CB-2DMs) such as graphene, graphene oxide (GO), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ), and carbide-MXene have emerged as promising candidates for smart wound-dressing materials due to their remarkable mechanical strength, flexibility, and tunable physicochemical characteristics. Moreover, CB-2DMs incorporated into polymers make them exceptional candidates for smart wound-dressing materials, which can effectively mimic skin mechanics and maintain structural integrity under physiological stress. This review article focuses on CB-2DMs-based wound dressing materials and their mechanical characteristics, such as tensile strength, stiffness, elasticity, and durability. Additionally, we discuss the synergy between mechanical characteristics and biological functionality, such as wound healing rate and antibacterial activity. The review also discusses the current challenges and offers a promising platform for engineering CB-2DMs-based wound dressing materials to overcome these challenges and promote efficient wound healing, and how the mechanical characteristics enhance performance, stability, and clinical translation ability.