Exploring advances in nanotechnology-mediated modulation of metabolic pathways and cellular interaction mechanisms for therapeutic applications

Nanoparticles have emerged as powerful tools in modern medicine. Their nanoscale size and unique physicochemical properties enable precise interactions with cellular and subcellular components, allowing them to influence intracellular signaling and metabolic processes. While extensive research has focused on the role of NPs in cancer metabolism, their broader potential in modulating fundamental metabolic pathways remains less explored. This review introduces a novel, integrated framework for nanoparticle interactions across all major metabolic pathways carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleotide combined with organelle-specific targeting, which has not been systematically compiled in prior literature. Unlike fragmented studies focused solely on cancer, our analysis uniquely extends to non-communicable diseases like diabetes and neurodegeneration, while critically balancing therapeutic promise with toxicity evaluations. This pioneering synthesis positions NPs as versatile precision tools for metabolic reprogramming in precision medicine. The review highlights how NPs can be leveraged as precision tools to regulate metabolic dynamics, enhance cellular function, and develop novel therapeutic strategies for metabolic and non-communicable diseases. Despite their therapeutic promise, the potential toxicity and long term biological effects of NPs are critically evaluated. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of nanoparticle driven metabolic modulation and its significance in biomedical research and precision medicine.