Integrated energy management for embedded behavior prototyping in modular electric traction systems

This paper presents a compact and modular experimental platform for early-phase testing and validation of energy-aware behavior in electric autonomous and traction-based mobility systems under varying load conditions. Implemented on a 1:10-scale model, the platform integrates camera-based perception into a microcontroller-driven embedded architecture, enabling structured, repeatable testing cycles. Unlike conventional approaches that separate autonomous functions and electric propulsion, the proposed framework supports joint evaluation within a unified embedded control-and-sensing environment, ensuring consistent system-level analysis. Systematic measurements of motor current, battery voltage, and powertrain response are performed across multiple incline and load configurations, revealing real-time energy–performance trade-offs. These conditions reflect load-dependent traction challenges relevant to both road-based and guided electric mobility systems, including European light rail, tram, and automated rail-bound applications operating under urban decarbonization frameworks. The presented framework provides a reproducible and scalable solution for early-stage validation, supporting the development of robust and energy-efficient electric traction systems in academic, applied, and educational contexts.