Effective locally led adaptation for pastoral and agropastoral resilience in the lowlands of Ethiopia

This study examines LLA as a mechanism to enhance drought resilience in pastoral/agro-pastoral communities in four lowland sites in Ethiopia (Afar, Borana, Somali, and South Omo). The study comprises (i) an oriented literature review covering policy and scientific literature (mainly 2016–2026) and (ii) an analysis of 38 online interviews (key informants’ interviews) using a conceptual model based on four dimensions (governance/institutions, financing, knowledge/learning, and equity). Interview findings show that livelihood diversification and drought-resistant fodder/crop options are the most commonly used adaptation combinations, while capital-intensive and governance-based actions (e.g., setting up solar water systems, restoring degraded grazing land) are rarely used. Respondents view successful adaptation primarily in terms of effective government, efficient NGO cooperation, proper technical support, and strong local ownership. The main obstacles to successful LLA were financial constraints, weak technical capabilities, and the absence of robust operation and maintenance (O&M) systems. NbS and hybrid portfolios are considered more sustainable and effective than traditional infrastructure, yet practitioners disagree on the importance of financial devolution and coordination problems in scaling up the process. Because the data rely on practitioners’ subjective perceptions rather than longitudinal field measurements, they may reflect best practice. In terms of policy implications, the recommendations include reinforcing local financing windows, O&M of water/energy facilities, and integrating adaptive learning and inclusion safeguards into Ethiopia’s CRGE/NAP frameworks.