Wood Ear Mushrooms (Auricularia spp.): From Biology and Cultivation to Nutritional Value and Future Opportunities

Species of the genus Auricularia (wood ear mushrooms) are among the most economically important edible and medicinal mushrooms worldwide, particularly in Asia. Although numerous studies have investigated their taxonomy, cultivation practices, and bioactive properties, the available information remains dispersed, with limited comprehensive overviews from biological characteristics to sustainable production practices. This review summarizes and critically discusses the current knowledge of Auricularia species from the wild to their cultivation and production systems, including growth requirements, cultivation methods, nutritional value, medicinal potential, and future development, focusing mainly on recent advances in cultivation systems. The literature shows considerable differences among Auricularia species, which have significantly different environmental needs for mycelial growth and fruiting body production, indicating the importance of species-specific cultivation practices. Recent improvements in substrate formulation, spawn production, and environmental management have greatly enhanced cultivation efficiency. In addition, the use of agricultural and forestry residues as cultivation substrates supports waste recycling and contributes to the development of a circular bioeconomy. Auricularia species are also recognized for their considerable nutritional and medicinal value due to their high dietary fiber content and diverse bioactive compounds. This review further discusses the major pests and diseases affecting Auricularia cultivation, along with current management strategies, and identifies key knowledge gaps and future research priorities to improve sustainable production and commercial development.