Innovation Systems and Nano‐Macromolecular Translation: Market Structures, Behavioral Gaps, and Regional Asymmetries

ABSTRACT The commercialization of nanotechnology‐enabled macromolecular materials remains uneven despite strong scientific progress. This study reconceptualizes commercialization as a system‐mediated stage of translation and comparatively analyzes the United States, the European Union, and India. Using a systems‐oriented mixed‐methods design, the research integrates cross‐regional market‐structure data, firm‐level commercialization architectures, institutional configurations, and behavioral survey evidence. Results reveal pronounced asymmetries in product scale, certification intensity, ecosystem dependence, and revenue logic, despite broadly comparable scientific capabilities. Commercial activity converges toward structurally simpler morphologies, primarily nanoparticles and nanocomposites, and is dominated by business‐to‐business models, reflecting scale‐up and validation constraints. Behavioral analysis identifies persistent awareness–confidence and confidence‐commitment gaps that limit consumer‐driven demand. The findings demonstrate that commercialization outcomes are shaped less by intrinsic material performance and more by institutional alignment, validation infrastructure, and ecosystem maturity, positioning nanotechnology commercialization as a system‐conditioned process embedded within innovation architectures.