Enhancing Policy Measures to Reduce Air Pollution Exposure: Evidence from EU Countries

Air pollution remains a significant concern in Europe, with many people exposed to harmful levels of particulate matter (PM2.5). This study aims to assess the effectiveness of environmental policies in reducing citizens’ exposure to air pollution. The analysis covers the period from 2008 to 2019 across European Union countries. Using the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) method, the study examines the impacts of innovation, energy, fiscal, and environmental management policies on PM2.5 exposure. The study highlights the importance of eco-innovation and R&D investment policies and the conditional nature of energy policies in reducing microparticle levels. It also discusses the inefficiency of green taxes and the limited effects of environmental subsidies. The effectiveness of the environmental management and protection policy remains unclear. Finally, the study provides policy recommendations to guide policymakers in developing targeted strategies for reducing PM2.5 levels, safeguarding public health, and promoting sustainable development.