Heavy metal bioaccumulation and human health risk in clarias gariepinus and oreochromis niloticus from Kpata, lower River Niger, Nigeria

Fish taken from waters contaminated with heavy metals are a recognised route by which those metals enter the human diet. This study assessed heavy metal bioaccumulation and the associated human health risk in Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus from the Kpata reach of the Lower River Niger at Lokoja, Nigeria. Forty specimens of each species were collected in each of two hydrological periods, January to March 2025 representing the dry season and June to August 2025 representing the w