Income-related differences in survival across disease categories in Sweden: a retrospective population-based register study

Background Lower income is consistently associated with poorer survival after disease diagnosis, even in countries with universal healthcare such as Sweden. While income-related survival differences have been documented for specific conditions, comparative evidence across a range of disease categories with long-term follow-up is lacking. We quantify income-related differences in survival across 100 disease categories focussing on leading non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Methods All individuals aged 16–95 years registered in Sweden between 2001 and 2023 were followed from first diagnosis until death or the end of 2023. By disease category cohort, individuals were matched to five general population controls (no prior diagnosis of that category) on birth year, sex, and income quartile. Flexible parametric models were used to estimate standardised survival curves for diagnosed individuals and their matched controls. Findings For all 100 disease categories, estimated 10-year survival was lower for the lowest income quartile (Q1) than higher quartiles. For 37 conditions, the Q1 vs Q4 10-year survival gap exceeded 10 percentage points; the largest gaps were for other pharynx cancer (10-year survival 34.2% [95% CI 32.5–35.7] in Q1 vs 58.2% [56.3–60.1] in Q4), larynx cancer, mouth cancer, COPD, and endocarditis. Income-related survival disparities accounted for 6.2 million (95% CI 5.9–6.6 million) person-years of survival loss within 10 years of diagnosis across all cohorts compared to a high-income survival counterfactual, with cardiovascular diseases accounting for the largest share for Q1 (1.3 million). Survival loss after diagnosis relative to undiagnosed controls was significantly greater for Q1 compared to Q4 for 73 of 100 conditions. Interpretation Substantial income-related disparities in survival persist in Sweden across all the most prevalent NCDs. Policies addressing income inequality alongside targeted disease-specific interventions are likely required to reduce income disparities in survival. Funding Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare.