Effects of Physical Activity Interventions on Attention in Adults: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis

Attention is a key cognitive function affecting daily performance and health. Physical activity is a promising non-pharmacological strategy, but optimal modalities remain unclear. A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted. Four databases were searched to January 2026, and standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated. Fifteen RCTs (n = 1,217) were included. Physical activity improved attention versus controls (SMD = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.19–0.94). Aerobic exercise ranked highest, followed by resistance training. Exercise intensity, session length, and duration influenced outcomes. Physical activity enhances attention in adults, with aerobic exercise showing relatively favorable effects.