Variability in Reporting Nanoparticle Synthesis in Dental Materials Research based on MINChar and MIRIBEL Criteria

Nanoparticles (NPs) 1 are increasingly applied in dental materials due to their unique physicochemical and biological characteristics. However, inconsistent reporting of synthesis and characterisation parameters limits reproducibility, comparability and clinical translation. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the variability in the reporting of nanomaterial synthesis and characterisation in contemporary dental materials research using the Minimum Information for Characterization of Nanomaterials (MINChar) and Minimum Information Reporting in Bio-Nano Experimental Literature (MIRIBEL) criteria. This systematic review, registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF) 2 , followed PRISMA 3 (2020) guidelines. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases from 2020 to 2026 identified 193,137 records, of which 67 studies were selected for data extraction. Reporting completeness (%) was assessed using the Minimum Information Reporting in Bio-Nano Experimental Literature (MIRIBEL) 4 and the (MINChar) 5 frameworks. Reporting completeness averaged 59% (MINChar) and 67% (MIRIBEL). Critical omissions included dissolution behaviour, stability in biological media, surface area, zeta potential, size distribution and storage conditions. Batch to batch consistency was absent across all studies. While synthesis steps were generally described, exact reagent concentrations and purification methods were inconsistently reported. Substantial variability exists in nanoparticle synthesis reporting for dental applications. The lack of standardised methodological transparency impedes reproducibility, regulatory evaluation and clinical translation. Adoption of frameworks such as MINChar and MIRIBEL is essential to ensure reliability and scientific rigor. Editorial enforcement and interdisciplinary collaboration are recommended to promote comprehensive reporting practices. Standardised reporting of nanoparticle synthesis is critical to enhance reproducibility, accelerate translational research and thereby ensure a reliable integration of nanomaterials into dental practice.