Core–Shell Structure Fire Extinguishing Microcapsules: A New and Efficient Fire Extinguishing/Flame-Retardant Material

Frequent fire occurrences and the limitations of traditional fire extinguishing agents are driving the upgrade of fire suppression materials toward environmental friendliness, high efficiency, and intelligence. As a new generation of clean and intelligent fire extinguishing material, fire extinguishing microcapsules feature a unique core–shell structure and thermally responsive controlled-release performance. They effectively overcome drawbacks such as residual pollution and environmental damage caused by conventional agents and have become a research hotspot intersecting safety science and materials science. This paper systematically reviews the evolution of fire suppression materials and summarizes the development history, structural composition, preparation techniques, fire extinguishing mechanisms, performance, and application scope of fire extinguishing microcapsules. In view of the existing deficiencies in material systems and preparation technologies, future development trends are projected from the perspectives of material innovation, process optimization, and industrialization advancement. We aim to provide references for the research, development, and engineering application of high-efficiency intelligent fire suppression materials.