An Intelligent Safety Control System for Monitoring Tunnel Construction Beneath Architectural Heritage

Continued expansion of transportation infrastructure into historically and culturally sensitive areas has made tunneling beneath or adjacent to architectural heritage increasingly common. Excavation-induced disturbance, together with support, drainage, and lining operations, may alter ground strata, surface structures, and groundwater conditions, thereby posing potential threats to architectural heritage. Existing monitoring and management approaches are constrained by fragmented data sources, insufficient association among multi-source information, and weak coordination between risk analysis and on-site response, making it difficult to meet the safety-control requirements of tunnel construction beneath architectural heritage. Accordingly, this study develops an intelligent safety control system for monitoring tunnel construction beneath architectural heritage. The system directly monitors tunnel works, construction-affected areas, and environments related to disturbance propagation, while spatial relationships with overlying or adjacent architectural-heritage objects are represented through control zones and early-warning rules. A multi-source monitoring spatial database is designed, integrating BDS-based automated displacement monitoring, surveying-robot-based deformation prediction, intelligent spray curing of secondary-lining concrete, risk early warning, emergency linkage, and equipment control. In engineering application, the risk-assessment framework comprised four primary risk dimensions and 16 secondary indicators; the judgment matrix achieved a consistency ratio of 0.03, the hydrogeological-risk membership to the dangerous level reached 0.40, and the assessed tunnel section was comprehensively classified as an orange (major) risk. The system establishes a closed-loop process of “data acquisition–state analysis–risk early warning–construction response–result feedback,” providing technical support for tunnel safety monitoring, construction-impact assessment, and safety-control decision-making.