Harnessing phytochemicals from Piper betle L. leaves for nanometric advancements with sustainable applications

The leaves of Piper betle L . have drawn significant attention as a plant-based source for the green synthesis of metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles, thanks to their wide range of phytochemical compounds, especially phenolics, flavonoids, and other bioactive metabolites. These compounds can help reduce metal ions and assist in stabilizing and capping the resulting nanoparticles, thus decreasing the need for traditional chemical reducing and stabilizing agents. Nanomaterials mediated by Piper betle L . have been studied for a variety of applications, such as antibacterial effects, biofertilization, enzymatic and catalytic functions, dye degradation, and anticancer properties. This plant-mediated synthesis offers a relatively straightforward and possibly cost-efficient method for producing nanoparticles, while adhering to the principles of green nanotechnology by leveraging renewable biological materials and potentially minimizing reliance on environmentally harmful chemicals. Therefore, nanoparticles synthesized from Piper betle L . leaf extracts offer a promising foundation for creating sustainable materials suited for environmental cleanup and various technological uses.