The first three Kaluza–Klein masses do not uniquely determine the one-loop Wilson-line curvature

We study whether three low-lying fermion masses determine a finite Wilson-line response in a five-dimensional Abelian theory on a circle. A neutral angular field generates a periodic fermion mass profile on a winding minimum of a local energy with two cosine couplings. Together with the Yukawa amplitude, these couplings are the three varied inputs. The first three antiperiodic Kaluza–Klein masses locally identify these inputs in a specified weak-coupling region. Nevertheless, we construct two separated inverse branches with exactly the same three masses and different leading fermion one-loop Wilson-line curvatures. Their difference has a negative leading term with an explicit positive coefficient involving the induced fifth and seventh harmonics; the fourth mass distinguishes the pairs. The proof retains all harmonics generated by the field equation and uses sequential weak-shape and weak-amplitude limits. Numerical matching and a transfer-difference calculation realize the construction. We also calculate angular and gauge corrections with an order-by-order adjustment of three real resonance masses in a specified local subtraction. At an illustrative coupling point their known sum is 1.56% of the leading curvature difference in magnitude. Unassigned effective-field-theory coefficients and higher loop orders remain outside this numerical sum. The result separates local spectral identification from uniqueness of the Wilson response across parameter neighborhoods.

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Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-10-15
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23391832
Primary Topic
Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
Type
preprint
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preprint

The first three Kaluza–Klein masses do not uniquely determine the one-loop Wilson-line curvature

Sihan Chen
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
preprint

The first three Kaluza–Klein masses do not uniquely determine the one-loop Wilson-line curvature

Sihan Chen
preprint en

Abstract

We study whether three low-lying fermion masses determine a finite Wilson-line response in a five-dimensional Abelian theory on a circle. A neutral angular field generates a periodic fermion mass profile on a winding minimum of a local energy with two cosine couplings. Together with the Yukawa amplitude, these couplings are the three varied inputs. The first three antiperiodic Kaluza–Klein masses locally identify these inputs in a specified weak-coupling region. Nevertheless, we construct two separated inverse branches with exactly the same three masses and different leading fermion one-loop Wilson-line curvatures. Their difference has a negative leading term with an explicit positive coefficient involving the induced fifth and seventh harmonics; the fourth mass distinguishes the pairs. The proof retains all harmonics generated by the field equation and uses sequential weak-shape and weak-amplitude limits. Numerical matching and a transfer-difference calculation realize the construction. We also calculate angular and gauge corrections with an order-by-order adjustment of three real resonance masses in a specified local subtraction. At an illustrative coupling point their known sum is 1.56% of the leading curvature difference in magnitude. Unassigned effective-field-theory coefficients and higher loop orders remain outside this numerical sum. The result separates local spectral identification from uniqueness of the Wilson response across parameter neighborhoods.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Korea University (KR)
Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
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