Fast, Hybrid Perovskite Deposition via Gas Flow Assisted Single Source Flash Evaporation

Abstract A large number of publications, using diverse production techniques, are demonstrating the potential of metal halide perovskite thin-film devices. Promising records in power conversion efficiencies, device lifetimes and photo-electrical applications have been reported worldwide. A simple and rapid deposition method, however, is still missing. This work introduces a possible answer: Gas Flow Assisted Flash Evaporation (Gas-FE). Gas-FE is a solvent-free deposition method operating under modest vacuum conditions that enables the deposition of complex perovskites with components having varying vapor pressures. We demonstrate its capabilities by subliming complex powder compositions relevant for perovskite photovoltaics and show a proof-of-concept methylammonium lead iodide-based (MAPbI3) solar cell containing methylammonium chloride and lithium TFSI as dopants. Growth rates exceeding 1 µm/min are obtained for crystalline, highly oriented perovskite films with good optical and electronic properties. The perovskite film is integrated into a fully vacuum-deposited p-i-n photovoltaic device, yielding a promising power conversion efficiency of 9.6%.