Development of a genetic transformation system in Echinochloa phyllopogon by particle bombardment

Abstract Key Message A stable particle bombardment-mediated transformation system was developed for Echinochloa phyllopogon , providing a platform for functional analysis of genes involved in herbicide metabolic detoxification. Abstract Echinochloa phyllopogon is a major C4 grass weed that causes serious yield losses in paddy fields and has evolved resistance to multiple herbicides. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this resistance requires functional analysis of candidate genes involved in herbicide metabolic detoxification. However, the lack of a stable transformation system has limited such approaches. In this study, we established a particle bombardment-mediated transformation system for E. phyllopogon using embryogenic calli and plasmid pAHC25 carrying the GUS reporter gene and the bialaphos resistance gene ( bar ) selectable marker. Three morphologically distinct callus types were identified, among which Type 1 (compact) and Type 2 (friable) embryogenic calli exhibited significantly higher regeneration ability and transient GUS expression than Type 3 calli (wet and viscous). This finding indicates that callus quality is a critical determinant of transformation efficiency. In addition, callus culture duration significantly affected transformation outcomes. Calli cultured for 90 days produced the highest transformation efficiency (5.0%) and retained full regeneration capacity, whereas prolonged culture (300 and 630 days) resulted in reduced regeneration and transformation efficiency. Stable transgene integration and expression were confirmed by Southern blot analysis and histochemical GUS staining. Furthermore, transgenic plants exhibited strong resistance to Basta in the T 1 generation, indicating that the herbicide-resistant phenotype was transmitted to the next generation. These results demonstrate that both callus type and culture duration are key factors for efficient transformation. The transformation system established in this study provides a valuable platform for functional analysis of genes involved in herbicide metabolic detoxification in E. phyllopogon .