Nanoparticle Fabrication and Optimization: From Green Chemistry to Transformative Applications in Life Sciences, Medicine, and Public Health

Nanotechnology has changed many fields by allowing scientists to work with matter at the atomic and molecular levels. NPs including metal (e.g., Ag, Au), metal oxide (e.g., ZnO, FeO), polymeric (e.g., PLGA), and carbon-based (e.g., carbon nanotubes), have special chemical, biological, and physical properties. This review paper discusses a lot of detail about making and improving nanoparticles, guided by the 12 principles of green chemistry ideas to make sure they are safe for living things and last for a long time. Traditional synthesis methods, employ toxic chemicals and use a lot of energy. Green synthesis methods, on the other hand, use microbes, plants, or materials inspired by biology to synthesize NPs. These environmentally friendly methods use renewable resources in a controlled setting to make biocompatible NPs with as little influence on the environment as possible. This review paper talks about how to change the size, shape, and surface chemistry of NPs using optimal reaction conditions and advanced characterization techniques. It focusses on groundbreaking uses in bioimaging, giving medicine, antimicrobial agents, cancer treatment, regenerative medicine, cleaning water, and food safety, among other fields of the life sciences, healthcare, and public health. They offer a lot of potential to help solve global challenges and pave the way for a future of nanotechnology that is both creative and sustainable.