Nanotechnology Meets Endodontics: Comparative Evaluation of Push-Out Bond Strength of Graphene Oxide-Enhanced Sealers – An in Vitro Study

Introduction: Root canal sealers contribute to the sealing of the root canal space by establishing an interface between gutta-percha and radicular dentin. Push-out bond strength is widely used as an in-vitro measure of sealer–dentin dislodgement resistance. Graphene oxide (GO), a two-dimensional carbon nanomaterial, has been investigated as a reinforcing and antimicrobial additive for dental materials. The present study compared GO-enhanced zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE), GO-enhanced resin-based (Resinoseal), and GO-enhanced calcium silicate-based (BioRoot RCS) sealers. Aim: To comparatively evaluate the push-out bond strength of graphene oxide-modified ZOE, graphene oxide-modified resin-based, and graphene oxide-modified bioceramic root canal sealers. Materials and methods: Thirty single-rooted premolars were specified in the study protocol and allocated to three groups of 10 specimens each: GO+ZOE, GO+Resinoseal, and GO+BioRoot RCS. Teeth were decoronated to a standardized 17-mm root length, canals were prepared using rotary instrumentation, and irrigation was performed with 5 mL of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite followed by 5 mL of 17% EDTA. Sealer formulations were prepared by incorporating 0.01 g GO into 0.99 g of the respective sealer. Obturation was performed using a single-cone technique. Push-out testing was performed using a universal testing machine at 0.5 mm/min with a 5-kN load cell. The protocol specified one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post-hoc testing. Results: The corresponding descriptive means ± SD from these supplied records were 82.14 ± 41.35 MPa for GO+ZOE, 195.75 ± 62.17MPa for GO+Resinoseal, and 242.37 ± 87.76 MPa for GO+BioRoot RCS respectively. These descriptive calculations are based on the supplied ten records per group. Conclusion: Within the supplied instrument records, GO+BioRoot RCS showed the highest observed mean maximum stress, followed by GO+ Resinoseal and GO+ ZOE. The study protocol and literature support further investigation of GO incorporation as a potential means of modifying sealer–dentin interfacial behavior.