Hybrid Nanomaterials for Target-Specific Drug Delivery: A Comprehensive Review on Present Trends and Future Prospects

By integrating tailored nanocarriers within electrospun fibrous scaffolds, "nano-in-nano" delivery networks resolve critical drawbacks of conventional therapies, including off-target side effects, rapid biological elimination, and premature drug dumping. Categorized according to their constituent materials (such as polymeric, metallic, or cell-membrane-based) and geometrical formats (including core–shell, dual-faced Janus, or hydrogel networks), these advanced composites achieve substantial cargo capacity, superior formulation protection, site-specific durability, and precision site-targeting. Although production techniques such as continuous spinning and direct or pre-formulated assembly routes enable adaptable multi-agent delivery, manufacturing throughput constraints, lot-to-lot inconsistencies, cellular toxicity concerns, and incomplete regulatory standards still hinder their translation into patient care. Progress in this field depends on engineering smart, environment-responsive materials that can simultaneously repair tissue and deliver drugs to specific sites.