Dose dependent nano bio interactions of green synthesized Achyranthes aspera capped CuO nanoparticles

Understanding concentration-dependent nano bio interactions is essential for developing safe and biologically functional nanomaterials. In this study, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were green-synthesized using Achyranthes aspera leaf extract and evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics and biological activities. The synthesized CuO NPs exhibited a semi-spherical morphology, monoclinic crystal structure, and particle size ranging from 8 to 35 nm, with a characteristic UV–visible absorption band at 296 nm. The CuO NPs showed concentration-dependent cytocompatibility, with cell viability decreasing from 85.71% at 25 μg mL⁻¹ to 69.82% at 100 μg mL⁻¹ , indicating greater cytocompatibility at lower concentrations. Antioxidant activity increased with concentration, reaching 93.32% at 200 μg mL⁻¹ . The nanoparticles also exhibited concentration-dependent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus . Furthermore, the scratch assay demonstrated enhanced cellular migration under optimized treatment conditions. Overall, the findings demonstrate that A. aspera -capped CuO NPs possess concentration-dependent cytocompatibility, antioxidant, antibacterial, and cell-migration-promoting properties, highlighting their potential for further investigation in wound-related biomedical applications.