PERBANDINGAN PERANGKAT DAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN DALAM KURIKULUM MERDEKA

Curriculum changes in Indonesia have brought about shifts in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of instruction in primary schools. A notable change is the transition from the thematic learning approach used in the 2013 Curriculum to the more flexible learning approach of the *Kurikulum Merdeka* (Independent Curriculum). This transition has also influenced the instructional materials and teaching models employed by teachers. This article aims to compare the instructional materials and teaching models associated with the Thematic Curriculum and the *Kurikulum Merdeka*. A literature review method was employed, analyzing various books, policy documents, and scholarly sources relevant to instructional materials and teaching models. The findings indicate that the 2013 Curriculum relied heavily on syllabi, lesson plans (RPP), teaching materials, media, and assessment instruments, with instruction integrated through themes. In contrast, the *Kurikulum Merdeka* utilizes components such as Learning Outcomes (*Capaian Pembelajaran* or CP), Learning Objectives (*Tujuan Pembelajaran* or TP), Learning Objective Sequences (*Alur Tujuan Pembelajaran* or ATP), teaching modules, teaching materials, media, and assessment instruments. Regarding teaching models, the 2013 Curriculum frequently employed a scientific approach alongside models that supported thematic integration, whereas the *Kurikulum Merdeka* offers teachers greater latitude to select teaching models based on student characteristics, subject matter, and the learning context. These changes reflect a shift from relatively structured instructional components toward those that are more flexible and contextual.