Developmental exposure to green synthesized silver nanoparticles induces placental and fetal brain stress in Wistar rats

Abstract As the use and manufacture of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) continue to grow, there is a risk that they may be released into the environment, exposing humans to them in the form of air, water, and soil. Based on this, the present research examined the genotoxic, physiological, and histological effects of green biosynthesized AgNPs on fetal and maternal tissues using two methods. From the 1 st to the 19 th day of gestation, 28 pregnant female rats were divided into 4 groups (7 per group) and given the appropriate treatment doses orally once daily. As a control, distilled water was given to the first group. Saponin was administered to the second group. AgNPs were administered to the third. Silver nanoparticles loaded with saponin (Sn-AgNPs) were administered to the fourth. Treating with AgNPs and Sn-AgNPs revealed minimal adverse effects in pregnancy outcomes, gross external and skeletal examination. Although placental tissue showed elevated malondialdehyde level, significant increases in the Ag concentration, and DNA damage. Furthermore, AgNPs and Sn-AgNPs induced histopathological alterations in both the placenta and the fetal tissues. Green-produced AgNPs did not significantly affect pregnancy outcomes or fetal development; however, they induced placental alterations and elevated the fetal brain stress.