Penyalahgunaan Teknologi Deepfake terhadap Figur Publik di Media Sosial dalam Perspektif Hukum Pidana Indonesia

The misuse of deepfake technology against public figures on social media presents significant challenges for criminal law enforcement in Indonesia, particularly concerning the protection of personal rights, reputation, and digital identity. The rapid development of artificial intelligence enables the creation of highly realistic synthetic images, audio, and videos that can be used to manipulate public perception, spread misinformation, and damage individual reputations. This article examines the legal framework governing deepfake misuse against public figures in Indonesia through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Literature searches were conducted using Google Scholar and Garuda with keywords related to deepfakes, criminal law, criminal liability, and artificial intelligence misuse. The review included relevant Indonesian- and English-language journal articles published between 2022 and 2026, with 13 articles selected for analysis based on their relevance, methodological suitability, analytical depth, and publication credibility. The findings indicate that Indonesia’s National Criminal Code, Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and Personal Data Protection Law provide legal grounds for addressing certain consequences of deepfake misuse. However, the absence of an explicit legal definition and a specific criminal offense addressing deepfake manipulation creates challenges in determining the applicable legal provisions and establishing criminal liability. The article highlights the need for a more adaptive criminal law framework that explicitly addresses deepfake-related conduct, clarifies liability, and strengthens legal protection for public figures in the digital environment.