Indole-3-propionate in the cancer research: perspectives, mechanisms, and a therapeutic potential

Indole-3-propionate (IPA) is a microbiota-dependent metabolite of tryptophan that is attracting attention as a potential component for modulating the tumor microenvironment and enhancing antitumor therapy. Objective. To analyze current data on the biosynthesis of IPA by the gut microbiota and its influence on cellular processes associated with carcinogenesis, including apoptosis, proliferation, and inflammation. Materials and methods. A literature search was carried out in the Google Scholar and PubMed databases without time restrictions, using keywords in Russian and English: «indole-3-propionate», «cancer», «oncology», «IPA». Results. Based on the performed analysis, we structured the review into several subsections to provide a comprehensive assessment of the effect of IPA on tumor cells. Particular attention is paid to the molecular mechanisms of IPA action, such as activation of antioxidant pathways and regulation of AhR, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB signaling cascades. The study presents the results of preclinical research using cancer models of various nosologies, identifies the potential for IPA application as a component of combination therapy, and outlines key directions for future research. Conclusion. It has been shown that IPA is a promising bacterial metabolite for developing new strategies for antitumor therapy. Key areas for further research include optimizing IPA delivery regimens, investigating its efficacy in combination with existing treatment methods, and performing clinical trials.