KANDARA UPADHATU IN AYURVEDA - A CRITICAL REVIEW

Ayurvedic anatomy describes the human body through an integrated structural and functional framework comprising Dosha, Dhatu, Mala, Upadhatu, Sira, Snayu, Sandhi, Peshi and other anatomical entities. Among the Upadhatus, Kandara occupies an important position because of its close association with Snayu, movement, stability and the integrity of the musculoskeletal system. Classical descriptions identify Kandara as a large Snayu-like structure and describe its distribution in the limbs, neck and back. The present review examines the concept of Kandara Upadhatu with emphasis on its Nirukti, definitions, textual references, origin, number, anatomical distribution, relation with Rakta Dhatu, Snayu and Vata, involvement in Madhyama Rogamarga and its clinical significance. Classical references concerning Gridhrasi, Aksepaka, Vishvachi, Khanja and Pangu are also reviewed. The review highlights that Kandara is best understood as a classical functional-anatomical concept rather than being equated uncritically with a single modern tissue.