Spatial-Morphological Optimization of Outdoor Wind Environments in Cold-Region Valley Residential Areas for Sustainable Urban Development: Based on the OED-AHP Coupled Framework

Constrained by the dual effects of terrain-induced funneling and continental climate, the outdoor wind environment of residential areas in cold-region valley cities faces an inherent contradiction between winter wind shielding and basic ventilation. Existing studies predominantly focus on single-factor sensitivity analysis, lacking quantitative decomposition of multi-parameter contributions and a systematic linkage with sustainable development goals. Taking Anning Courtyard in Lanzhou as the case study, this paper proposes an OED-AHP analytical framework that couples orthogonal experimental design (OED) with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Based on CFD wind field simulation data, the judgment matrix is assigned objectively to quantify the weight impacts of three morphological parameters—average windward area ratio, building spacing coefficient, and residential enclosure degree—on the pedestrian-level wind environment in winter. On this basis, a spatial morphology optimization system covering three dimensions of environment-energy, resource-economy, and society-health is constructed. This study reveals the hierarchical influence law of parameters on the wind environment of residential areas in cold-region valley cities and identifies the optimal morphological combination that balances winter wind protection and ventilation uniformity, providing a quantitative decision-making tool for low-carbon and livable planning of residential areas in cold-region valley cities.