A REVIEW OF SUSTAINABLE RAILWAY TRANSPORT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA, INDIA, AND EGYPT

Sustainable railway transport is increasingly recognized as a strategy for reducing transport-sector greenhouse gas emissions while promoting growth and inclusive mobility in developing economies. However, implementation varies because of differences in infrastructure, institutional capacity, financing, and policy continuity. This review synthesizes evidence on sustainable rail transport innovations and implementation across Nigeria, India, and Egypt, focusing on railway electrification, energy