A decision-support framework for managing concrete performance on construction sites: an ISM–MICMAC approach

Concrete performance is influenced by a complex interaction of material, process, and environmental factors, requiring systematic analysis to support both technical optimization and managerial decision-making in construction projects. This study employs Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM), complemented by Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC), to investigate the hierarchical and interdependent relationships among factors affecting concrete strength performance. Eleven critical factors related to material composition, production practices, curing conditions, and environmental influences were identified through literature review and expert consultation. Using ISM, a structural self-interaction matrix and reachability matrices were developed to construct a multi-level hierarchical model. The results show that environmental conditions, aggregate properties, cement type and content, and water content act as dominant driving factors, while concrete strength is the most dependent variable. Process-related factors including degree of compaction, curing conditions and age, mixing method, placing method, and air content serve as mediating variables linking foundational drivers to strength outcomes. MICMAC analysis further classifies these factors according to their driving and dependence power, confirming the strategic importance of material selection and environmental control. The proposed ISM–MICMAC framework provides construction project managers with a structured decision-support tool for prioritizing critical variables, enhancing quality control strategies, and improving concrete strength performance.