The connectedness to nature scale revised (CNS-R): A version for use with children, low-income samples, and non-US samples

The Connectedness to Nature Scale (Mayer & Frantz) has been widely used globally to measure the extent to which individuals view themselves as an egalitarian member of the natural world. However, it may not be appropriate for use with children or with respondents from a low socio-economic background, and has not always functioned well in other cultural contexts. The Connectedness to Nature Scale Revised (CNS-R) was developed to provide educators, researchers, and program evaluators with a more flexible measurement tool. Seven studies demonstrate the reliability and validity of the new scale, establish its responsiveness to situational manipulations, and provide evidence that it can be used effectively with children as young as nine, with low-income adults in the US, and with non-US samples from Turkey & Cyprus. Differential Item Functioning analysis demonstrates that all but one item function similarly with US and Turkish participants.