Digging a National Security Threat: Unpacking the Link Between Illegal Mining and Ghana’s Vulnerability to Terrorism

Ghana has waged a prolonged battle against illegal mining, which is wreaking havoc on the environment and causing severe socio-economic, health and security issues. This paper assesses the link between illegal small-scale mining and the potential for terrorism in Ghana, highlighting potential pathways that may contribute to terrorism. It draws on Resource Conflict Theory and adopts a qualitative research approach. The study samples 33 interviewees, including small-scale miners, academics and security experts. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis. The data were analysed thematically. The findings reveal three principal pathways through which illegal mining increases Ghana’s vulnerability to terrorism: (a) the politico-mining complex; (b) the proliferation and circulation of small arms within illegal mining communities and (c) the involvement of foreign actors in illegal mining. The paper argues that Ghana’s counterterrorism strategy should move beyond its predominant focus on external threats from the Sahel to incorporate domestic governance failures associated with illegal mining. It concludes that strengthening governance, addressing political complicity, improving border management and reforming the regulation of artisanal mining are essential for reducing Ghana’s long-term vulnerability to terrorism and enhancing national security.