FMEA Reveals PPE Noncompliance as the Priority Grinding Machine Accident Risk in an Indonesian Vocational School Workshop

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in vocational school workshops represents an urgent priority given that students interact directly with high-risk equipment such as grinding machines, yet often demonstrate low compliance with safety protocols. This research aims to identify failure modes on grinding machines in SMKN 1 Jenangan workshop and formulate evidence-based risk control recommendations. A quantitative descriptive approach using Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) was employed, involving 10 purposively selected respondents (practical instructors and technicians). The research instrument was validated using Content Validity Index (CVI) by three experts in occupational safety and mechanical engineering. Results identified 15 failure modes with CVI = 1.0 (perfect validity). Risk Priority Number analysis revealed a positive risk distribution: 13 modes fell into low-risk category (RPN ≤ 50), 2 modes into medium-risk category (RPN 50-100) including non-compliance with protective gloves (RPN 58.21) and safety glasses (RPN 50.51), and no modes reached high-risk category (RPN ≥ 100). Critical finding demonstrates that the greatest risks originated from human behavioral factors, specifically non-compliance with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) usage, rather than machine technical components. Risk control recommendations focus on three pillars: (1) intensifying direct supervision of students, (2) implementing continuous safety education programs with positive reinforcement, and (3) transforming safety culture in the workshop. This research contributes empirical evidence on risk profiles in vocational school workshops and emphasizes the importance of behavior-based interventions rather than technical improvements in enhancing occupational safety in vocational education settings.