Circular Approaches to River Sediment Management: Recovery and Reuse Strategies Under Polish Regulatory Framework

River bottom sediments play a fundamental role in fluvial ecosystems, acting as both sinks and potential sources of contaminants. However, dredged or accumulated sediments are not necessarily contaminated, and their environmental status depends on site-specific physical, chemical, and ecotoxicological characteristics. Increasing sediment accumulation in rivers and reservoirs requires regular dredging to maintain navigation, flood protection, and ecological balance. Traditionally, dredged sediments have been treated as waste and disposed of in landfills or confined disposal facilities. However, growing environmental concerns and resource scarcity have stimulated interest in circular economy approaches that promote the recovery and beneficial reuse of sediments. This article critically synthesizes existing knowledge on river-sediment management, with particular emphasis on circular strategies for sediment recovery, beneficial reuse, and emerging energy-recovery pathways. The paper discusses the formation, composition, and physicochemical characteristics of river bottom sediments, as well as the major sources of contamination, including heavy metals, organic pollutants, and nutrients. Current dredging practices and regulatory frameworks governing sediment management are also examined with particular reference to the Polish regulatory framework. Furthermore, the article highlights various beneficial applications of dredged sediments, such as their use in construction materials, agriculture, land reclamation, and ecosystem restoration projects. Although energy recovery from bottom sediments remains comparatively underexplored, the available studies are discussed to identify its potential, limitations, and research needs. By integrating these aspects, the article identifies key technical, economic, environmental, and regulatory barriers that currently limit the transition from disposal-oriented management to circular sediment utilization.