Protocol-Realized Compensation and Latent Joint Service Vulnerability in Dynamic Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
Routing compensation can preserve a message after one node fails while leaving delivery vulnerable to joint failures. We analyze matched, identity-closed UDP message outcomes in seven-day vehicular network scenarios from Hohhot. Six message fates distinguish exposure, realized compensation, and residual service effects. The systematic component was more stable across seeds than net damage. Recovery of 6470 successful replacement paths identifies protocol-realized provider dependency. Among 336 evaluated pairs, dependency burden was positively associated with exposure-conditioned irreducible pair loss J2 (Spearman 0.516; Kendall 0.445); the fixed matched-control group-mean contrast had a date-cluster bootstrap median of 0.0066 and a 95% percentile interval [0.0024, 0.0116]. A separate triple-world analysis found residual losses beyond constituent pair-world service-loss sets: 61 of 64 evaluated triples met the stable-positive J3 criterion. Of 1315 formal J2 message instances, 1081 had identifiable constituent paths; mechanism proportions apply only to that subset. At 100–200 m, compensation and the pooled dependency–J2 association persisted, but magnitudes and date-level consistency changed materially. The conclusions are partially range-sensitive, sample-conditional, and non-causal.
Authors
- Yixuan Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2489-9992)
- Hong Zhang
Institutions
- Inner Mongolia University (CN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Telecom
- Published
- 2026-10-12
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom7050131
- Primary Topic
- Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00