Advances in the diagnosis and management of impacted canines: An updated evidence-based review

Abstract Impacted canines present significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in orthodontics, with potential consequences including root resorption, malocclusion, and compromised aesthetics if left untreated. This review illustrates current advances in the diagnosis and management of impacted canines, emphasizing an evidence-based approach. Emerging diagnostic modalities, particularly cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), have allowed precise three-dimensional localization and assessment of root proximity, although their use must be justified against radiation exposure. Orthodontic strategies, including traction biomechanics for effective traction and minimizing adverse effects on adjacent teeth. Surgical management techniques, including open and closed exposure protocols, are discussed with attention to periodontal health and long-term outcomes. Additionally, the use of orthodontic miniscrews as skeletal anchorage has enhanced control over tooth movement, reducing unwanted side effects and improving predictability. Collectively, these advances facilitate safer, more efficient, and more esthetically favorable results. However, the ultimate treatment goal remains the establishment of a functionally stable occlusion and an attractive smile, maintained through careful long-term retention.