Multi-Source Remote Sensing Fusion and Deep Learning for Intelligent Precision Agriculture

The fusion of multi-source remote sensing data and deep learning technology has been increasingly applied in precision agriculture. This review focuses on the perception–decision–execution framework and summarizes the current application status, technical routes, and development trends of multi-source remote sensing data fusion and deep learning in precision agriculture. It examines the complementary advantages of multimodal data such as optical, thermal infrared (TIR), Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in characterizing crop physiological traits and structural characteristics. At the algorithmic level, this review analyzes the evolution of deep learning architectures from single convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to spatiotemporal fusion networks (STFNs), Transformer-based architectures, and emerging state-space models, with emphasis on their capabilities for heterogeneous feature extraction and cross-modal information integration. This review discusses the transformation mechanism from intelligent perception to executable decision-making and explores the application effectiveness of prescription maps and variable-rate task technology in improving resource utilization. This review proposes forward-looking views on core bottlenecks such as model generalization, physical interpretability, and edge computing. This review not only provides a theoretical analysis of precision agriculture but also provides academic recommendations for the development of intelligent agricultural equipment in the future.