A Study on the Spatial Differentiation Mechanisms and Optimization Pathways for the Synergistic Integration of Multifunctional Homestead Sites and Rural Revitalization—A Case Study of Deqing County, China

Existing studies rarely investigate the relationship between the diversity of homesteads and rural revitalization at the county scale, and the attention given to the spatial differentiation mechanism and differentiation optimization paths of the two is still insufficient. As land that guarantees farmers’ housing security and their core asset, rural homesteads are vital for rural revitalization. This study examines the relationship between homestead diversity and rural development, focusing on spatial differentiation mechanisms and possible optimization paths. Based on field surveys in 103 villages and questionnaire data from farmers and officials in Deqing County, this study explores the multifunctionality of homesteads, rural revitalization, and their spatial coupling and symbiosis mechanisms. Results provide the following observations: (1) From 2015 to 2020, both homestead multifunctionality and rural revitalization improved. Their coupling coordination followed a “high-west, low-east” pattern, with primarily coordinated areas expanding, synergy index high-value zones shifting eastward, regional disparities narrowing, and symbiotic coefficients exhibiting spatial complementarity. (2) Homestead multifunctionality lagged mainly around the county seat, while rural revitalization lagged mostly along administrative boundaries. (3) For regions with differing levels of homestead development and rural revitalization, differentiated optimization strategies are proposed across four dimensions: political, economic, social, and technological. In areas where homestead development lags, a dual-track approach combining policy incentives and market mechanisms is recommended, together with improvements in infrastructure and public services. In areas where rural revitalization lags, five key strategies are proposed: industry-led development, talent cultivation, cultural empowerment, ecological livability, and organizational strengthening. This study developed an analytical framework for the coordinated integration of homestead diversity and rural revitalization at the county scale, revealing the mechanisms underlying their differentiated symbiotic relationship and advancing the theoretical understanding of the synergies between homestead diversity and rural revitalization. In practice, a differentiated optimization path of zoning and classification is proposed to provide practical guidance for coordinating the advancement of county-level homestead reform and rural revitalization.