Gravity‐Differential Modulated Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Continuous and Stable Energy Harvesting From Disordered Vibrations

ABSTRACT Low‐frequency, random, and intermittent vibrational energy is an important energy source for self‐powered sensing systems in engineering environments. However, the high dependence of triboelectric nanogenerators on periodic excitation limits their continuous energy output. Here, a gravity‐differential modulated triboelectric nanogenerator (GDM‐TENG) is proposed to transform intermittent vibrations into a continuously enhanced energy conversion process. Through the synergistic effect of mechanical rectification, inertial energy storage, gravity‐driven propulsion, and differential motion amplification, the GDM‐TENG directionally transmits and delays the release of discrete vibrational inputs, thereby forming a more continuous and higher‐frequency relative sliding motion at the triboelectric interface and improving the effective charge transfer rate per unit time. Compared to the single pendulum system, the double‐sided pendulum shortens the energy storage time by 64.2%, compressing the energy response to the millisecond level, while increasing output power by 2.81 times and capacitor charging rate by 2.55 times. After 216,000 cycles, the voltage output of the GDM‐TENG remains almost unchanged, indicating its excellent long‐term operational stability. Furthermore, combined with a power management circuit, the GDM‐TENG can stably charge a 1000 µF capacitor and power warning lights and acoustic flame sensors. This work provides a design idea for distributed self‐powered sensing systems toward the infrastructure monitoring.