Counterinsurgency and Violence Against Indigenous Peoples in Chiapas (1994–1995): The Chiapas 94 Campaign Plan and the Open Investigation into the So-Called Earth-Mars Plan

This essay examines the counterinsurgency strategy deployed by the Mexican State in Chiapas between 1994 and 1995, focusing on the documented "Chiapas 94 Campaign Plan" and the unresolved question of the so-called "Earth-Mars Plan." Drawing on Inter-American Court of Human Rights jurisprudence, CNDH reports, declassified US cables, and human rights documentation, the study reconstructs the mechanisms of paramilitary organization, population control, and forced displacement that affected Indigenous communities. The essay distinguishes between documented facts, testimonies, and hypotheses, and proposes an archival research agenda to advance the identification of the "Earth-Mars Plan." It argues that while the existence of the "Earth-Mars Plan" remains unverified in public sources, the documented counterinsurgency strategy already contains the elements of a policy of systematic violence against civilian populations.