Solarisation of rural primary health centres for reducing healthcare delays in Karnataka India using grounded theory

The Primary Health Centres (PHCs) are vital for achieving universal health coverage; however, energy poverty remains a critical yet overlooked barrier to the efficiency of primary healthcare services in rural and remote settings. This study explored the community’s perspective on healthcare services before and after solarisation and how it has impacted service availability, healthcare utilisation, and improved health outcomes. We conducted a qualitative study employing the grounded theory methodology in Karnataka, India. Six focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted among 36 rural community members – 21 women and 15 men. The FGDs were digitally recorded, transcribed and translated into English and analysed using MAXQDA software. A conceptual model was developed using all categories. The findings revealed that solarisation of PHCs acts as a catalyst for reducing healthcare delays. A cascade of better decision-making and improved resource use resulted in actual improvements in service utilisation and care delivery. Key results include faster admission and treatment initiation, a lower risk of complications, and improved patient safety and satisfaction. The use of solar energy in healthcare facilities has increased service quality, accessibility, and community trust, especially in maternal and child health. Solar electrification enhances healthcare quality and community trust, improving service utilisation and health outcomes. Future research should integrate digital health and evaluate cost-effectiveness for scalable, sustainable solar electrification models in rural areas.