Engineering Multifunctional Polymer‐Based Electrospun Nanofibers for Sustainable Environmental Remediation and Biomedical Technologies

ABSTRACT Electrospun nanofibers based on advanced polymers have emerged as versatile materials with significant promise in environmental and biomedical domains. With an emphasis on catalytic wastewater treatment and biomedical systems, this study provides a thorough analysis of the design concepts, functionalization techniques, and real‐world uses of bio‐polymer‐based electrospun nanofibers. The use of biodegradable and sustainable polymers, such as chitosan, gelatin, cellulose, and polylactic acid (PLA), which have special physicochemical qualities including biocompatibility and high surface area, is emphasized. Their catalytic and therapeutic activity is improved when functional nanomaterials, such as metal nanoparticles, metal oxides, and enzymes, are incorporated into a nanofibrous matrix. These functionalized nanofibers show excellent efficacy in microbial inactivation, biofouling resistance, and pollutant degradation in wastewater treatment. Because of their advantageous biological interactions and adaptable architectures, they are used in biomedical applications for antibacterial activity, wound healing, medication delivery, and tissue engineering. The review also discusses surface modification methods, fabrication difficulties, and the requirement for environmentally sustainable, scalable production. The subject of multifunctional nanofibrous systems for sustainable and health‐oriented applications is further advanced by highlighting current limitations and offering insights into potential future advancements that could bridge lab research and practical implementation.