THE FREUD, THE SHADOW OF REASON - ALEXIS KARPPOUZOS

Freud's investigation into the unconscious sphere of the human psyche and its complex processes did not merely provide a heuristic tool for the interpretation and understanding of psychic manifestations; above all, it demythologized anthropocentric narcissism and the philosophical–metaphysical conviction that the self-conscious subject of modernity is governed by self-sufficiency and transparency and, consequently, is responsible for and in control of its thoughts, desires, and actions through autonomous will. The Freudian discovery of the unconscious overturns the Cartesian notion of subjectivity; it questions the Cartesian equation subject = ego = consciousness. This "Copernican" displacement of the center of consciousness from the subjective ego to the unconscious structure of the psyche intimates the abyssal darkness of Being and the chaotic texture of the Cosmos, which cannot be incorporated into symbolic discourse, even though it traverses it and perpetually escapes it. Thus, it problematizes—without transcending them—fetish concepts such as truth, reality, authenticity, propriety, appropriation, and belonging, and demonstrates that there exists no foundational knowledge nor any ultimate certainty, since all symbolic-cognitive systems, including science itself—of which Freud remained a restrained yet stubborn defender— constitute rationalizations in relation to the real, abstractions in relation to the concrete, generalizations in relation to the singular. Rationalized elements become idealized and are transformed into ideas, ideals, and principles referring to a metaphysical beyond, a transcendence of meaning. Freud reveals that symbolic institutions are idealizations—though he overlooks their deeper significance—and that imaginary identities and identifications are radical illusions.