Comparison of psychological flexibility, meta-worry, intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and automatic negative thoughts in individuals with and without generalized anxiety

Purpose Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by persistent, uncontrollable worry lasting at least six months and can significantly impair functioning. This study aims to examine cognitive factors contributing to GAD, including psychological flexibility, cognitive fusion, experiential avoidance, intolerance of uncertainty and automatic negative thoughts. Design/methodology/approach Using convenience sampling, 53 individuals with GAD symptoms and 51 without completed seven standardized self-report measures. Findings Significant group differences emerged across six cognitive domains. Individuals with GAD reported lower psychological flexibility, higher cognitive fusion and experiential avoidance, elevated worry and meta-worry, and greater intolerance of uncertainty. Originality/value These findings suggest the role of transdiagnostic cognitive mechanisms in GAD and support the development of targeted interventions. Incorporating culturally sensitive strategies may enhance therapeutic effectiveness and promote more comprehensive care.